History and Origin
The historical journey of the berimbau traces back to Africa, from where it was brought to Brazil by enslaved Africans during the colonial period. Originally used in various African communities for both musical performance and as a tool for communication, its structure and sound captivated the Brazilian populace. Over time, the berimbau evolved, integrating itself into the cultural fabric of Brazil, especially within the realms of Capoeira. Its transformation from a simple instrument into a symbol of resistance and freedom highlights the resilience and creativity of the Afro-Brazilian community, illustrating how cultural elements are adapted and preserved amid adversities.
Physical Description
The berimbau consists of a wooden bow, approximately 4 to 5 feet in length, with a steel wire stretched between its ends, which serves as the instrument's single string. Attached to the lower part of the bow is a gourd, acting as a resonator, which is crucial for amplifying the sound. The player uses a wooden stick to strike the wire, and a small stone or coin, held between the fingers of the same hand, to alter the pitch. Additionally, a caxixi (a small woven basket filled with seeds) is shaken in the opposite hand, adding a layer of rhythm to the music produced. This simple, yet deeply resonant construction, allows the berimbau to produce a wide range of tones, from deep, haunting sounds to lively, high pitches, making it an incredibly versatile instrument.
References
Throughout its history, the berimbau has been championed by a range of influential figures and groups, who have played a pivotal role in its popularization and in the evolution of its playing techniques. Among them, Mestre Bimba and Mestre Pastinha stand out as legendary capoeira masters, whose use of the berimbau in their practice elevated the instrument to new heights. Additionally, contemporary music groups and performers such as Olodum and Capoeira Abadá have taken the berimbau beyond Brazilian borders, incorporating its mesmerizing sound into performances that blend traditional Afro-Brazilian rhythms with modern musical styles. These artists and groups not only celebrate the rich heritage of the berimbau but also ensure its ongoing relevance and innovation.